Information in English

 

Product quality evaluation

Quality control is product oriented and focuses on the identification of defects. It is a set of activities to ensure quality in products. The activities focus on identifying defects in final products.

The goal of quality control is to identify defects after the product is developed and before it goes to market.

How is this done? First, any source of quality problems must be identified and eliminated through tools and equipment, so that customer needs are consistently met.

The activities or techniques used to achieve and maintain product, process and service quality.

Quality control is generally the responsibility of a specific team that tests products for defects. It is a corrective tool

Telecommunications and Data Networks

Ø  Configuration of Communications Equipment

Communication equipment is hardware that is dedicated to make connections between two or more points, allowing a communication link to exist between these different nodes, with the purpose of exchanging data and information in an analog or digital way. They are governed by a series of standards in charge of handling the information in a safe and efficient way.

The configuration of this equipment is oriented to offer an optimal performance for the environment where this hardware will work. A configuration is necessary due to the complexity of the multiple possible options for the transmission of data and information, including from security measures to avoid intruders to the protocols that these equipments must use to communicate between them avoiding the loss of information.

 

Ø  Protocol (RIP, OSPF, IGRP, EIGRP)

 

·         RIP (Routing information protocol, routing information protocol)

RIP is an internal routing protocol, i.e. for the internal part of the network, which is not connected to the Internet backbone. It is widely used in Internet connection systems such as infovia, where many users connect to a network and can access it from different locations.

When a user connects, the terminal server (the computer where the call ends) sends a RIP message to the nearest router informing it of the IP address that now belongs to it.

So we can see that RIP is a protocol used by different routers to exchange information and thus know where they should route a packet to make it reach its destination.

·         OSPF (Open shortest path first)

OSPF is used, like RIP, in the internal part of the networks, its way of working is quite simple. Each router knows the nearby routers and the addresses that each router has of the nearby routers. In addition, each router knows how far away (measured in routers) each router is. So when it has to send a packet, it sends it through the route where it has to make the fewest hops.

So for example a router that has three network connections, one to a local network where there is a workstation, another (A) a fast frame relay network of 48Mbps and a line (B) ISDN of 64Kbps. From the local network a packet goes to W which is on A at three hops and on B at two hops. The packet would go through B regardless of line saturation or line bandwidth.

The O in OSPF comes from open, in this case meaning that the algorithms it uses are publicly available.

·         IGRP:

It is a vector-distance routing protocol developed by Cisco. IGRP was developed specifically to deal with problems related to routing large networks that cannot be managed with protocols such as RIP. IGRP can choose the fastest available route based on delay, bandwidth, load and reliability. IGRP also has a much higher maximum hop count limit than RIP. IGRP uses only classful routing.

·         EIGRP:

This is an enhanced version of IGRP. In particular, EIGRP provides superior operating efficiency such as fast convergence and low bandwidth overhead.

Ø  Router Configuration

The router is one of the most appreciated devices if you connect to the Internet from home and in the future it will be the most important one, when any appliance or element of the home accesses the Internet to work.

Configuring your router correctly is key to access the Internet without problems, connect any device you have at home, prevent strangers from taking advantage of your connection without permission or prevent access to content that is not recommended for the little ones at home, among many other things.

Let's take a look at some aspects to take into account if we want to take advantage of the functions that the router integrates or simply to be safe and avoid headaches in the future.

- Change the default password

To configure the router we have to access its control page. To do this, simply open the address 192.168.1.1 in any web browser.

There are routers that by default only allow access to this address by connecting the PC to the router via Ethernet cable, but most of them allow access via wifi. In any case, you will be asked for a user name (admin by default) and a password.

The default password may vary, but it is usually admin, so you should change it as soon as possible. This will prevent someone from accessing the router via wifi from outside your home and changing the configuration.

On the other hand, if you manage the Internet connection for the whole family, changing the password will prevent anyone from changing the settings you configure yourself.

Depending on the router model, the option to change the password is in one place or another. On Netgear, for example, it is usually under Advanced > Administration > Set password. Look for a similar submenu and you will soon find the appropriate option. Don't confuse changing the Admin password with the wifi password.

Don't forget this password, as it is important. If you forget it, you will have to delete the router configuration and configure it from scratch.

 

- Configuring the wifi network

Inside the router, its most appreciated feature nowadays is the wifi connection, as it allows us to have several devices connected to the internet wirelessly and no matter in which corner of the house we are.

There are several aspects of our wifi network that we can configure to improve security or to avoid problems or scares.

For starters, we can change the default password. They are usually long and complicated, but if someone searches the internet it won't take long to find it.

The options related to wifi are usually in some submenu related to wifi or wireless connections. You may have to activate the advanced menu to see those options.

About the wifi password, you can choose the type of password (WPA, WPA2) according to the model of your router. If you don't know which one to choose, leave it as it is. And in the password field, you must enter a new password between 8 and 63 characters. Try to alternate numbers with letters. The more complicated, the better.

From the same menu you can change the name of your wifi connection or SSID, which by default usually has a cryptic name.

 

- Detect possible intruders

Routers usually indicate which devices are currently connected, both via Ethernet and wireless wifi access.

So, at a glance you will see if only your devices are connected or if there is an outside device or computer taking advantage of your connection. In that case, you can remedy it with the following tip.

There are routers that do not display this updated information. In such cases, you can use other tools such as Fing.

In case you do not recognize which connected devices are the ones you have connected, either because the name does not appear or you do not recognize the external IP, you can check what your IP is from the device itself. Just open this link and it will show you your current address.

 

- Limiting access to certain devices (MAC filtering)

The router acts as a gateway between our devices and our Internet provider. But if we configure it properly, it can also act as a gatekeeper and prevent anyone from entering or leaving without permission.

Most current routers allow MAC address filtering to prevent unrecognized devices from accessing the Internet from that router. This will prevent intruders and wifi thieves.

While IP addresses change with each new connection, MAC addresses are always identical on each device. Thus, if you indicate that a MAC address is not allowed to connect, it will not be able to connect.

Depending on the router, you will find this option under MAC filtering, access control or similar. On the one hand you will have to activate the option for this control (usually by checking a box and then selecting the devices you know about by checking boxes or adding them to a whitelist.

As in the previous case, if you don't know which devices to set as your own, you can find out by using the external IP through this link.

 

- Configure a parental control

If you have minors in your care with access to computers, smartphones, tablets or other devices, you may want to limit the type of content they access from home.

Some current routers have parental control features that allow you to enter keywords or even entire addresses. When accessing from any device, they will not be able to access such content.

This option affects all connected devices, so if you want to access the same content despite the block, you will have to tell the router's parental control with the internal IP.

Just look at the list of linked devices, see the internal IP and add it to the Control

Ø  Operation of an Electronic Data Network

An electronic data network is a system that links two or more points (terminals) through a physical medium, which serves to send or receive a certain flow of information. The Internet medium offers the following:

 - Inexpensive and fast ways to communicate in written form with each other (audiovisual versions of such communication are not yet in widespread use at this stage);

- Fast and facilitated (or moderated) exchange of written dialogue on

- Access to Internet sites operated by network moderators or subscribers who provide (organized) information relevant to their members.

Another concept that can be given to the electronic data network is that it is a technology that consists of using electrical distribution lines to transfer information, videos, images, among others.

What functions must this fulfill?

- It must grant an Infrastructure and aptitudes of the Electronic Network Formation this helps that the members of the network have the necessary equipment (hardware and software) and the aptitudes to work with the electronic network. This can be assumed through the development of a web page, skills workshops, software consulting, among others.

- It should also provide Basic Communication as it can develop necessary exchanges quickly and easily between geographically dispersed actors who need to cooperate. This is mainly done through email lists or through documents or big data for access to partners, but also includes access to contact details.

- Also Relationship Building because it allows people to easily create a network of contacts with whom they need or want to interact, which they can call upon to better perform their work.

Basic configuration of a computer.

A computer is configured by various units where each of these will have a specific function, then, each of these parts are described with their respective functions:

1. Cpu (central processing unit): It is the main part of the computer and has the objective of carrying out all the processes and movements of the information, at the same time it will coordinate the other components that constitute its configuration.

2. Data input units: These are devices that allow capturing data and instructions to be processed by the CPU. Examples of these devices are the keyboard, the mouse or the scanner.

3. Data output units: These are devices that have the function of displaying information to the user. Examples of these devices are the monitor or the printer.

4. Secondary storage units: These are devices that allow the storage, retrieval and manipulation of information stored in files. Examples of these devices are the hard disk and the CD reader.